Mafilimu opukutira pakamwa
Makanema osungunuka pakamwa (odf) ndi mtundu watsopano wamakamwa womwe watulutsidwa womwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa. Zidawoneka kumapeto kwa m'ma 1970. Pambuyo pa chitukuko, pang'onopang'ono idachita zinthu mosavuta za thanzi la portal. Kukula kwakulitsa kwa minda yazaumoyo, zopangidwa ndi anthu komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo amakopa chidwi kwambiri ndi malingaliro ake omwe mafomu enamo alibe. Kukula kwa mankhwala ofunikira a nembanemba, makamaka kumeza odwala ovuta komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe zotsatira zake.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafilimu osungunuka osungunuka, ali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito. Monga mawonekedwe atsopano omwe amatha kusintha mapiritsi osokonekera, makampani ambiri ambiri amakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu ndi izi, kukulitsa nthawi ya mankhwala ena kudzera mu njira yosinthira ndi mutu wowonjezerapo.
Mawonekedwe ndi zabwino zamafilimu osungunuka pakamwa
Palibenso chifukwa chomwa madzi, osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri, malonda amapangidwa kuti azikhala kukula kwa sitampu, yomwe imatha kusungunuka mwachangu pa lilime ndikumeza magwero omenzera; mwachangu makonzedwe ndikuyamba kusintha; Poyerekeza ndi njira ya mphuno ya mucosal Cake drumal Mankhwalawa amagawidwa moyenera muzopangidwa ndi makanema, zomwe zili zolondola, ndipo kulimba mtima ndi nyonga ndi zabwino. Ndioyenera kukonzekera kwa ana omwe pakadali pano akupezeka ku China. Imatha kuthetsa mavuto a ana ndi odwala ndikusintha kutsatira kwa ana ndi odwala okalamba. Chifukwa chake, makampani ambiri opanga mapepala amaphatikizanso kukonzekera kwawo komwe kulipo kale, makapisozi, mapiritsi ndi pakamwa mwapakati pa piritsi yosemedwa imasinthidwa filimu yopumira yopumira.
Zoyipa za mafilimu osungunuka pakamwa
Mphamvu yamkamwa imatha kuyamwa mucosa ndi malo ochepa. Nthawi zambiri, membrane wam'kamwa ndi wocheperako ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa siakulu (nthawi zambiri 30-60mg). Mankhwala ena okha omwe amatha kusankha; Mankhwala akulu ayenera kukhala ophatikizika, ndipo chilimbikitso cha mankhwalawa chimakhudzanso njira; Chinsinsi cha malo okonda kungokhala ndi kumeza kumakhudza kugwira ntchito kwa mucosa wa mucosa; Si zinthu zonse zomwe zimatha kudutsa mucosa wakamwa, ndipo mayamwidwe awo amakhudzidwa ndi kususuka chamafuta; Kuletsa digiri, kulemera kwa maselo, etc.; muyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina zomwe zimathandizira; Pa nthawi ya makanema, zomwe zili zimatenthedwa kapena zosungunulira zimasandulika, ndizosavuta kugwidwa, ndipo ndizosavuta kugwera pakudulira, ndipo ndikosavuta kusiya nthawi yodulira; Kanemayo ndi yoonda, yopepuka, yaying'ono, komanso yosavuta kuyamwa chinyezi. Chifukwa chake, zofuna za kunyamula ndizokwera kwambiri, zomwe siziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwala.
Kukonzanso pakamwa pokonzekera makanema ogulitsa kunja
Malinga ndi ziwerengero, mkhalidwe wa magwiridwe antchito apamufike mpaka pano. FDA wavomereza mapangidwe a filimu 82 (kuphatikiza opanga osiyanasiyana), ndi Japan PMDA yovomerezeka 17 (kuphatikizapo opanga ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a filimuwo adzachitapo kanthu pochita mankhwala otsatizana.
Mu 2004, kugulitsa kwaukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi pakamwa pa OTC ndi Zaumoyo Zaumoyo zinali US $ 25 miliyoni, zomwe zidawuka kwa US $ 500, US $ 2 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni mu 2015 biliyoni 1.
Kukonzekera kwapanyumba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makanema osinthika pakamwa
Palibe zinthu zosungunuka pakamwa zomwe zimavomerezedwa ku China, ndipo onse ali m'gulu la kafukufuku. Opanga ndi mitundu yomwe yavomerezedwa kuti mapulogalamu azachipatala ndi olembetsa m'gawo lowunikiridwa ali motere:
Opanga apakhomo omwe amafotokoza kuchuluka kwa othandizira pakamwa ndi qilu (mitundu 7), mafumu 4), Shanghai amasamba a biolimer (4 mitundu).
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kwa wothandizila pakamwa ndi ku Olantroning pakamwa (4 zolengeza), Olanzapine, Rispelu Khambal, Montelukoni, ndi voglibose aliyense ali ndi zolembedwa 2.
Pakadali pano, msika wamsika nembanemba (kupatula zopumira zopumira) zimakhazikika pamsika waku North America. Ndi kuya ndi kuya kwa kafukufuku osiyanasiyana pa Minstanel Mesmbranes, ndipo kukwezetsa zinthu zotere ku Europe ndi Asia, ndikukhulupirira kuti mawonekedwe amodzi aliwonse ali ndi malonda ena pamankhwala, zogulitsa zaumoyo komanso zokongoletsera.
Post Nthawi: Meyi-28-2022
